Inclusive education Essays

Inclusive education Essays Inclusive education Essay Inclusive education Essay Essay Topic: Education Inclusive education describes the process by which a school attempts to respond to all pupils as individuals by reconsidering and restructuring its curricular organisation and provision and allocating resources to enhance equality of opportunity. Sebba and Sachev (1997:9) stated. Hornby (1999: 152) states that: Inclusion implies the introduction of a more radical set of changes through which schools/organisations restructure themselves so much as to be able to embraced all children/ adults regardless of disability or linguistic background. Inclusive learning therefore implies the greatest degree of match or fit between the individual learner requirements and the provision that is made for them. Zarb, G (1995) Learners with disabilities can have underdeveloped basic skills due to the barriers to learning because their learning needs are often more complex, the impact of these may be greater. The poor range and quality of provision in some areas means that many disabled students are still not given the opportunity they need to learn basic skills. As the national strategy on adult basic skills is developed and implemented, the needs of learners with learning difficulties and/ or disabilities should be taken into consideration. Therefore: good practice should centre on an inclusive approach to learning. This means making programmes of study directly relevant to the individuals needs and priorities, building on a multi- agency framework, creating programmes and curricula which are flexible, providing the necessary access to resources, ensuring that the pace of programmes meets the needs of students, placing a high priority on the development of practical skills, and teaching skills in real life situations. This is supported by Barnes, (1994) who defines disability from a more social context as: the loss of limitation of opportunity to take part in the normal life of the community on an equal level with the others (Barnes, 1994 cited by D. marks 1999:4). A focus on such a principle can also drive teacher education and professional development programmes in schools of education and for existing teachers. This means that schools of education can utilise performance-based assessments to license new teachers; as a result, these teachers will be familiar with the use of such assessments and be more prepared to implement them in their own classrooms. Therefore: continuity of high quality provision and sustained support across the society are vital. Developing a comprehensive tracking system to map an individuals progress should be of a high priority in the inclusion of all learners. The politicisation of disability has triggered plans for the inclusion of every student to be supported into their mainstream school and college. The valued support should be effective where such individuals can function within an organisation without necessarily having to write, to understand all that goes around them and without necessarily have to accept support systems which do not meet their particular requirements. In advocating for such a direction, schools and colleges then organise themselves in such a way that they ensure the smooth integration of previously excluded learners. Mainstream education must be more welcoming and offer more hospitality to all learners. However, regardless of the criticisms legitimately directed at the local and national organisation of some mainstream schools and colleges, their crucial advantage is that they have a place within a local community; such a presence can provide the scrutiny of ordinariness which can inhibit often bizarre and sometimes damage practices we have adopted in segregated settings. Such a location also allows for links to community with a potential social network, which can enable the learner to translate her/his, presence into meaningful relations within and beyond school gates- relationships which, arguably enable us to sustain and give life. Oliver (1990) suggests that if disability is defined by social oppression, then disabled people are seen as collective victims of uncaring society or unknowing society rather as individual victims of circumstance. In this reflection, disability is seen as a tragedy. It is a tragedy firstly by seeing disability as a problem, and then by devising methodological strategies to measure the extent of these problems that individual disabled people have to face in real life situations. This is supported by Jonhstone, (2001:95) participation brings personal dignity, collective support, solidarity and refusal to be silenced, ignored or marginalized. Oliver (1999:87) states that the imperative strength of the medical model is grounded in the principle of normalization, and a return to wholeness, which is impossible to achieve. I suggest that confidence builds from self-esteem and acceptance from the society. This aids the notion of broad mindedness. The acceptance of an individual by the society stimulates the desire to take part in issues affecting that particular society. Therefore: if disability is defined by public policy, the process of social interaction whereby individuals are marked out or set out aside because of some attribute they possess, negates the whole notion of inclusion and regenerates the notion of segregation and integration. In the broader community there is a wider range of issues that ignore the differences that various disabled people experience as a consequence of gender, sexuality, race, culture or other distinctive labeling features, Rights Now (1996). Childrens developing self-image can be seriously influenced by the way, in which their families, professionals, and society view a particular disability. Such attitudes affect the way in which the children accept or reject body images and are also related to their ability to cope with themselves, their limitations, and their carers in a normal society. This reflection indicates that a positive self-image encourages a committed and resourceful approach to life. Developing this further, it can be pointed out that in every aspect of life the consideration of a person with disability is characterised by need and this perpetuates the person to be having a special requirement as opposed to a normal life. The impact of such a phenomenon leaves a lot to be desired in the life of a person with disability. The implication converses the idea of impairment as abnormality in function and the limitation in performing a normal social life. Hence the need to reverse from the emphasis of medication and shift from individual and personal towards shared collective responsibility, Wolfendale (1996). Using the special format of isolation from mainstream programming, for example, the education system, the possibility exists that it in its self is a special barrier to normal life. Therefore: there are limitations and barriers to social life of that particular person. In this context it is the society that perpetuates the oppression and exclusion of people with disability. Thus, the segregation of people with disability from the mainstream of social life and economic life influenced policies that have placed disabled people in segregated establishments such as special schools and day care centers, Oliver (1990). From this point it can be argued that the mentality of having special schools and special education for people with disability serves as an indicatives dominance of the able-bodied over the disabled in policymaking and decision making. In such designed institutions, the education system is formulated towards what the society can do for their special needs. The issue of life skills in a normal society cannot be addressed by being segregated from the society rather be in it to face real life situations and the influence of peer interaction. In such an environment of oneness there are opportunities for peer relationships and friendships, environment for generalisation and enrichment of academic skills, models of appropriate social and language skills, and typical routines and rituals common to growing up in a community or society. An inclusion in the neighbourhood school/college prepares a student with or without disabilities to live, works and play together as citizens of their community. The general norm and perception is that students with severe learning difficulties are of less value than students who gain any other university entry and their achievements are no less worthy of respect. To select a student out of main stream because of disability or learning difficulty is an evaluation of their worth as a person and discrimination on the basis of circumstance for which they are not responsible. Continued segregation of disabled and non-disabled students can only help to foster stereotypes, while inclusion has the potential to get rid of stereotypes by enabling young people to learn about each others common humanity as well their uniqueness. Zarb, C. (1995) The benefits of inclusion have been well demonstrated and inclusion is widely accepted by government and local education providers in this country and overseas as the way forward. The UK Government supports the strong educational as well as social and moral grounds for students learning together in the mainstream and has declared inclusion as the keystone of its education policy. The 2001 Statutory Guidance on Inclusive Schooling from the Department for Education and skills gives a strong message to local education authorities (LEAs), schools and other bodies that the development of inclusion in schools is one of the Governments highest priorities. The implementation of inclusive programming calls for the Government to have a clearly stated policy that is understood by schools and colleges and wider community levels; they should allow for a flexible curriculum as well as additions and adaptations; and provide quality materials, on going teacher-training and support teachers. Inclusive education and community based programmes should be seen as complementary approaches to cost-effective education and training for disabled people. Communities should develop local resources to provide this education. Gooding, C (2000) The inclusive approach avoids a view point which locates difficulty or deficit within the student and focuses instead on the capacity of the educational institution to understood and respond to individual learners requirements. It moves away from labelling students towards creating an appropriate educational environment. Freedman, S (1999) Inclusive learning places a new responsibility on teachers for close individual observation and skilled assessment as a basis for learning environments which match learners requirements. The challenges for schools and colleges will be to ..pursue a corporate approach to learning and to develop their capacity to respond to different approaches to learning to identify individual learning goals, Barnes, C (1996). It is important for the education system to strengthen necessary safeguards for students with disabilities or difficulties in learning without labelling at the same time as promoting inclusive learning. Just as classical social science theories identify education as a major site for the reproduction of social inequality, so too disability commentators have argued that the exclusion of disabled students from mainstream programming and the under-representation of disabled students in higher education is a cause, not simply an effect, of disabled peoples social marginalisation (Barnes1991: Riddell and banks, 2001) The vicious cycles associated with failure to acquire basic skills continue through school life and afterwards. The result will be poor labour market opportunities of people with poor basic skills as identified by Ekinsmyth and Bynner, (1994; 74) the lack of opportunity for mainstream education and training. Women will then opt for early marriages and many man face intermittent casual unskilled work and unemployment. On the other hand the society can label someone as unable because of lack of basic skills. Hence stigmatisation or societal classification will give birth to social outcasts who in turn will be a major problem to the society. Broadly, multiple regression opens the way to the notion of a combination of characteristics early in life that predict a later outcome. Parents or family role in skills acquisition is critical especially in the early years before formal education begins. Bynner and Steedman (1998) further argue that: parents can be effective enhancers of their childrens vocabularies and can improve their visual-motor skills through reading to them and playing with them. Or they can impoverish their childrens development, by failing to provide the critical inputs at the right time Stone (1985 cited by Oliver 1990:3) showed that in the process of identification and classification, disability has always been an important category, in that it offers a legitimate social status to those who can be defined as unable to work as opposed to those who may be classified as unwilling to do so. Different individuals will face different problems and many limitations are socially created. It is argued that teachers beliefs plays a vital role in ensuring the success of inclusive practises since teachers acceptance of the policy of inclusion is likely to affect their commitment to implementing it and hence hinder its fruition. Therefore disabled people in particular would be empowered to meet their own needs within a network of mutual understanding rather than a hierarchy of dependency relationships. Conclusion If inclusion were an act of engaging oneself or participation, then it would denote the element of active participation from all concerned parties. By programming specialist coverage it can be vividly argued that active participation is still negated. It is only through a properly structured consideration of the politics of disability that disabled people would not be seen as not simply constituted by the variety of these structural forces but as active participants in the process of constituting society in its totality To exclude learners described as having Special needs, from main stream local schools and colleges, is an in justice to all learners. Such an injustice demands that we look more creatively at the way we operate within educational systems as they now exist, and begin to change our legislation and our practices. Ways of hearing each other have to be found. Our perception should change. We have to find different ways of learning together and more importantly we have to find different ways of being together. Simultaneously we must start to articulate a vision for the future which will influence the wider political structures and encourage the growth of local mainstream schools and colleges in which those contributions can be valued equally to the benefit of the whole school and the community.

Red Fox Facts

Red Fox Facts The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is well-known for its luxurious fur coat and playful antics. Foxes are canids, so they are related to dogs, wolves, and coyotes. However, adaptation to a nocturnal life has given the red fox some feline traits, as well. Fast Facts: Red Fox Scientific Name: Vulpes vulpesCommon Name: Red foxBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 56-78 inchesWeight: 9-12 poundsLifespan: 5 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Northern Hemisphere and AustraliaPopulation: MillionsConservation Status: Least Concern Description Despite their common name, not all red foxes are red. The red foxs three main color morphs are red, silver/black, and cross. A red fox has rusty fur with darker legs, white belly, and sometimes a white-tipped tail. Males (called dogs) and females (called vixens) exhibit slight sexual dimorphism. Vixens are slightly smaller than dogs, with smaller skulls and larger canine teeth. On average, a male measures 54 to 78 inches and weighs 10 to 12 pounds, while a female ranges from 56 to 74 inches in length and weighs 9 to 10 pounds. The red fox has an elongated body and a tail that is over half its body length. The fox has pointed ears, long canine teeth, and eyes with vertical slits and a nictitating membrane (like a cat). There are five digits on each of the front paws and four on the hind paws. The foxs skeleton is similar to a dogs, but the fox is more lightly built, with a pointed muzzle and slender canine teeth. Habitat and Distribution The red fox ranges across the Northern Hemisphere into Central America, North Africa, and Asia. It does not live in Iceland, in some deserts, or in the extreme polar regions of the Arctic and Siberia. The red fox was introduced to Australia in the 1830s. The species is banned from New Zealand under the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act of 1996. Where the soil permits, foxes dig burrows, where they live and bear their young. They also take abandoned burrows made by other animals or sometimes share with them. For example, foxes and badgers will live together in a form of mutualism where the fox provides scraps of food brought back to the den while the badger keeps the area clean. Red fox distribution. Zoologist, Wikimedia Commons Diet The red fox is omnivorous. Its preferred prey includes rodents, rabbits, and birds, but it will take small ungulates, such as lambs. It also eats fish, insects, lizards, amphibians, small invertebrates, fruit, and vegetables. Urban red foxes readily accept pet food. Foxes are preyed upon by humans, large owls, eagles, lynxes, caracals, leopards, cougars, bobcats, wolves, and sometimes other foxes. Usually, the red fox coexists with domestic cats, hyenas, jackals, and coyotes. Behavior Foxes are highly vocal animals. Adults make 12 vocal sounds over five octaves. Red foxes also communicate using scent, marking territory and even empty food caches with urine or feces. Foxes mainly hunt before dawn and after dusk. Their eyes have a tapetum lucidum to aid with vision in dim light, plus they have an acute sense of hearing. The red fox pounces on prey from above, using its tail as a rudder. The tail, also known as a brush, covers the fox and helps it stay warm in cold weather. Reproduction and Offspring For most of the year, red foxes are solitary and live in the open. However, in the winter, they court, mate, and seek dens. Vixens reach sexual maturity as early as 9 or 10 months, so they may bear a litter at one year of age. Males mature later. After mating, the gestation period lasts approximately 52 days. The vixen (female fox) gives birth to around four to six kits, though the number of young can be as high as 13. The fluffy brown or gray kits are born blind, deaf, and without teeth. At birth, they only weigh 2 to 4 ounces with 5 to 6 inch bodies and 3 inch tails. Newborn kits cannot regulate their temperature, so their mother remains with them while the male fox or another vixen brings food. The kits are born with blue eyes that change to amber after about two weeks. Kits start to leave the den around 3 to 4 weeks of age and are weaned at 6 to 7 weeks. Their coat color begins changing at 3 weeks of age, with guard hairs appearing after 2 months. While red foxes may live 15 years in captivity, they usually survive 3 to 5 years in the wild. Fox kits are fluffy and grayish brown. Maxime Riendeau / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the conservation status of the red fox as least concern. The species population remains stable, even though the fox is hunted for sport and fur and killed as a pest or rabies carrier. Red Foxes and Humans The stability of the red fox population is tied to the foxs adaptation to human encroachment. Foxes successfully colonize suburban and urban areas. They scavenge refuse and accept food left for them by people, but often stray to rural areas to hunt. Generally, red foxes make poor pets because they are destructive to homes and mark areas with scent. However, they can form strong bonds with people, cats, and dogs, especially if domestication starts before the fox reaches 10 weeks of age. In some places it is legal to keep a red fox as a pet. All images taken by Keven Law of London, England. / Getty Images Russian geneticist Dmitry Belyayev selectively bred silver morph red foxes to develop a true domesticated fox. Over time, these foxes developed physical attributes of dogs, including curled tails and floppy ears. While fox hunting for sport has decreased over time, the animal remains important for the fur trade. Foxes are also killed because they harbor communicable diseases such as rabies and because they prey on domestic and wild animals. Foxes, like wolves, may continue to kill prey beyond what they need to eat. Sources Harris, Stephen. Urban Foxes. 18 Anley Road, London W14 OBY: Whittet Books Ltd. 1986. ISBN 978-0905483474.Hoffmann, M. and C. Sillero-Zubiri.  Vulpes vulpes.  The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  2016: e.T23062A46190249.  2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T23062A46190249.enHunter, L. Carnivores of the World. Princeton University Press. p. 106. 2011. SBN 978-0-691-15227-1.Iossa, Graziella; et al. Body mass, territory size, and life-history tactics in a socially monogamous canid, the red fox Vulpes vulpes. Journal of Mammalogy. 89 (6): 1481–1490. 2008. doi:10.1644/07-mamm-a-405.1Nowak, Ronald M. Walkers Mammals of the World. 2. JHU Press. p. 636. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.