carlos bulosan Essay Example

carlos bulosan Essay Example carlos bulosan Essay carlos bulosan Essay Carlos Bulosan was conceived in the Philippines in the provincial cultivating town of Mangusmana, close to the town of Binalonan (Pangasinan territory, Luzon island). He was the child of a rancher and burned through the greater part of his childhood in the wide open with his family. In the same way as other families in the Philippines, Carloss family attempted to make due during times of monetary hardship. Numerous families were ruined and a lot more would endure on account of the conditions in the Philippines made by US colonization. Provincial cultivating families like Carlos family experienced serious financial difference because of the developing convergence of riches and influence in the hands of the conomic and political world class. Resolved to help bolster his family and further his instruction, Carlos chose to come to America with the fantasy to satisfy these objectives. Going by transport, Carlos showed up in Seattle on July 22, 1930 at seventeen years old. With just three years of training from the Philippines, Carlos talked minimal English and had scarcely any cash left. Urgent to endure, he before long started working different low-paying Jobs: overhauling in lodgings, reaping in the fields, and in any event, leaving to the Alaskan canneries. During his hardships in discovering work, Carlos xperienced much financial trouble and racial fierceness that altogether harmed his wellbeing and in the end changed his impression of America. From quite a long while of bigot assaults, starvation, and ailment, Carlos experienced medical procedure for tuberculosis in Los Angeles. His wellbeing condition with tuberculosis constrained him to experience three activities where he lost the vast majority of the correct side of his ribs and the capacity of one lung. However, he recuperated and remained in the medical clinic for around two years where he invested a lot of his energy perusing and composing. The segregation and undesirable working conditions Carlos had encountered in any of his work environments urged him to take an interest in association sorting out with different Filipinos and different laborers. Carlos become a self-instructed and productive essayist resolved to voice the battles he had experienced as a Filipino coming to America and the battles he had seen of others. In the same way as other of his kindred Filipinos in his time, Carlos never had the chance to come back to the Philippines. Following quite a while of hardship and flight, he died in Seattle experiencing a propelled phase of bronchopneumonia. He is covered at Queen Anne Hill in Seattle. carlos bulosan By brogun

British Petroleum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

English Petroleum - Essay Example The plan of action of BP expects to produce an incentive for the hydrocarbon esteem chain. The procedure for the most part begins through investigation and finishes with vitality flexibly (BP, 2012). In 2011, the development in worldwide oil utilization eased back albeit hearty development proceeded in China and other non OECD nations. Notwithstanding the stoppage normal costs of unrefined petroleum were anyway higher when contrasted with earlier years (BP-a, 2012). BP realities and figure demonstrates a steady development where its deals and working income remained at 83,400. The center brands of BP are Castrol, Arco, ampm, Aral and Wild bean bistro (BP, 2012). The paper manages the previously mentioned association, British Petroleum and talks about the association in considerably more detail so as to break down the organization structure its work procedure, the system the association is as of now following and likely arrangement alongside its upper hand which stays with the in fron t of its rivals. Structure of the association BP sorts out the business in a manner with the goal that vitality items are and benefits which are required by the individuals around the world are served at a suitable time and according to the necessities. The plan of action of BP means to make an incentive in the worth chain process and as expressed above it begins with investigation and closures with flexibly of vitality. The association of BP comprises of showcasing and refining, upstream, individuals of BP and their qualities and elective vitality. The upstream generally finds, grows then creates and transports flammable gas and oil to the market. BP works in around 26 nations and it utilizes roughly 84,000 representatives. The significant markets are Russia, USA, North Africa, UK, Asia, Canada, Middle East and others. The advertising and refining groups are answerable for exchanging, providing, moving, refining, and furthermore for showcasing the items. BP has 17 processing plants and it markets them in 100 nations the job of R&M has a significant impact. BP establish of roughly 83,400 individuals, contractual workers and providers in the authoritative graph. BP esteem lies in wellbeing of the individuals, regard for the world, greatness through trained administration and deliberate activities, fortitude to confront troubles and the group, where the representatives trust one another (BP-b, 2012). Coming up next is the authoritative structure of BP headed by Robert Dudley Figure 1: Organizational structure of BP (Source: The Official Board, 2012) Entrepreneurship BP has additionally supported enterprise among ladies through its responsibility towards upliftment and sexual orientation fairness. BP Southern Africa went into association with the â€Å"Women Development Trust† to give the ladies a steady stage to make sure about accomplishment in the business part. BP was energized by the assurance and enthusiasm of the ladies towards their methodology for their business and was profoundly satisfied to get related with WDT who has likewise contributed towards the change procedure and accomplishment among the ladies business people. At the administration level, BP has made different strides so as to propel the situation of ladies in the general public and in this manner urge the ladies to partake in business and make business condition. Notwithstanding the above conversation, BP had additionally evolved corporate business enterprise model after the most grieved period in 1980s and has figured out how to build up the brand as a worldwide vitality organization and has included sustainable power sources in its portfolio. While trying to re develop as a provider for all types of vitality BP has hence received a corporate entrepr

The Skinner Box or Operant Conditioning Chamber

The Skinner Box or Operant Conditioning Chamber Basics Print The Skinner Box or Operant Conditioning Chamber By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on June 26, 2019 Bettmann Archive / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming A Skinner box, also known as an operant conditioning chamber, is an enclosed apparatus that contains a bar or key that an animal can press or manipulate in order to obtain food or water as a type of reinforcement. Developed by B. F. Skinner, this box also had a device that recorded each response provided by the animal as well as the unique schedule of reinforcement that the animal was assigned. Skinner was inspired to create his operant conditioning chamber as an extension of the puzzle boxes that Edward Thorndike famously used in his research on the law of effect. Skinner himself did not refer to this device as a Skinner box, instead preferring the term lever box. How Is a Skinner Box Used? So how exactly do psychologists and other researchers utilize a Skinner box when conducting research? The design of Skinner boxes can vary depending upon the type of animal and the experimental variables. The box is a chamber that includes at least one lever, bar, or key that the animal can manipulate. When the lever is pressed, food, water, or some other type of reinforcement might be dispensed. Other stimuli can also be presented including lights, sounds, and images. In some instances, the floor of the chamber may be electrified. What exactly was the purpose of a Skinner box? Using the device researchers could carefully study behavior in a very controlled environment. For example, researchers could utilize the Skinner box to determine which schedule of reinforcement led to the highest rate of response in the study subjects. Examples in Research For example, imagine that a researcher wants to determine which schedule of reinforcement will lead to the highest response rates. Pigeons are placed in the operant conditioning chambers and receive a food pellet for pecking at a response key. Some pigeons receive a pellet for every response (continuous reinforcement) while others obtain a pellet only after a certain amount of time or number of responses have occurred (partial reinforcement). In the partial reinforcement schedules, some pigeons receive a pellet after they peck at the key five times. This is known as a fixed-ratio schedule. Pigeons in another group receive reinforcement after a random number of responses, which is known as a variable-interval schedule. Still, more pigeons are given a pellet after a 10 minute period has elapsed. This is called a fixed-interval schedule. In the final group, pigeons are given reinforcement at random intervals of time, which is known as a variable-interval schedule. Once the data has been obtained from the trials in the Skinner boxes, researchers can then look at the rate of responding and determine which schedules lead to the highest and most consistent level of responses. One important thing to note is that the Skinner box should not be confused with one of Skinners other inventions, the baby tender. At his wifes request, Skinner created a heated crib with a plexiglass window that was designed to be safer than other cribs available at that time. Confusion over the use of the crib led to it being confused with an experimental device, which led some to believe that Skinners crib was actually a variation of the Skinner box. At one point, a rumor spread that Skinner had used the crib in experiments with his daughter, leading to her eventual suicide. The Skinner box and the baby tender crib were two different things entirely, and Skinner did not conduct experiments on his daughter or with the crib, nor did his daughter take her own life.   The Skinner box became an important tool for studying learned behavior and contributed a great deal to our understanding of the effects of reinforcement and punishment.

The Cell Cycle, Genetic Variation, Mendelian Genetics, And...

Introduction: This essay will explore the cell cycle, cancer, cancer, mitosis and meioses, genetic variation, Mendelian genetics, and complex genetic inheritance. Each area will be broken down in further detail, and the result should demonstrate the knowledge learned on the subjects. The Cell Cycle The cell cycle is a series of stages that occurs when a new cells makes the division from the parent cell to two daughter cells. This is a stage in cellular reproduction. The cell cycle consists of three phases, interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During Interphase, a cell will continue to perform its functions as usual. The time frame for Interphase varies; while an embryonic cell will take just a few hours to complete the cycle, a stem cell from an adult can take 24 hours (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). After the interphase stage completes itself, a complete nuclear division happens and mitosis occurs. During the stage of mitosis, the daughter cells will receive the same amounts of the contents of the parent cell. Throughout the last stage, in the cytoplasm there is a division known as Cytokinesis (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). Cytokinesis occurs differently in plant cells than it does in animal cells, as the cell wall around the plant prevents the process from happening the same way. Instead, a new plasma membrane and cell walls are built are built between the daughter cells. However, in animal cells a single cell will become two (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). The Abnormal CellShow MoreRelatedUnit 3 Growth Heredity Final Exam Review Study Guide1146 Words   |  5 Pageschromosome? (the 6 steps) 14. What is a nucleosome? 15. What are histones? 16. What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes? When do cells use these different forms? REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, and TRANSLATION 1. What is the difference between REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, and TRANSLATION? Where does each process take place in the cell? 2. Define semi-conservative replication. 3. How is DNA read and made? From what end to what end? 4. What is the job of these enzymes: DNA polymeraseRead MoreDifferent Types Of Cell Cycle1293 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation about cells, cell division, and the different types of cell cycles. The cell cycle is a sequence of events that makeup the life of a typical eukaryotic cell, from the moment of its origin, to the time it divides to produce two daughter cells. Interphase starts off the cell cycle and it is the longest stage in the cell cycle. Most cells spend 90% or more of their life span in interphase. Interphase is divided into three main phases-G0, G1, S, and G2 phases. This portion of the cell cycle takes inRead MoreTaking a Look at Gene Mapping606 Words   |  2 Pagesfor mapping. Genetic markers are used to determine the location on the DNA. The study of gene mapping on humans allows understanding the structure, function and organization of DNA. Whereas on non-humans will provide the basic knowledge for comparative studies, that is critical to understand for more comp lex systems. Gene maps are relevant for industrial and medical senses. This is also known as much cost effective way to follow generations in short period. Genes involved in genetic inherited diseasesRead MoreUnit 3 Growth Herdity Study Exam Review Study Guide2542 Words   |  11 PagesUnit 3 Growth Heredity Exam Review Study Guide WHAT SHOULD I KNOW ABOUT†¦ DNA STRUCTURE, DNA REPLICATION, Tx, Tl, MUTATIONS, CELL CYCLE, MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, MENDELIAN GENETICS Review/Use the following: Vocab lists, ISN Pages, Practice Questions, Lectures, Book Chapters 12, 9, 10 DNA STRUCTURE 1. What role did Rosalyn Franklin play in our understanding of DNA’s structure? She discovered the double-helix position of the DNA. 2. What role did James Watson Francis Crick play in our understandingRead MoreEssay on Study Guide: General Biology 4665 Words   |  19 Pagestransition state. By reducing the activation energy, a catalyst accelerates both the forward and the reverse reactions by the same amount; it does not alter the product. Describe the function of ATP in the cells and how it works.Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) powers almost every energy-requiring process in cells (making sugars, supplying activation energy, transporting substances across membranes, moving through the environment, growing, etc.)ATP is used as the building block for RNA molecules, and it alsoRead MoreBio 101 Essay24965 Words   |  100 PagesBiological  Processes:                  Lab  5:  Ã‚  The  Chemistry  of  Life   Lab  6:  Ã‚  Diffusion   Lab  7:  Ã‚  Osmosis   Lab  8:  Ã‚  Respiration   Lab  9:  Ã‚  Enzymes        Ã‚  The  Cell:      Lab  10:  Ã‚  Cell  Structure  Ã‚  Function                  Lab  11:  Ã‚  Mitosis   Lab  12:  Ã‚  Meiosis   Lab  13:  Ã‚  DNA  Ã‚  RNA   Lab  14:  Ã‚  Mendelian  Genetics   Lab  15:  Ã‚  Population  Genetics         3   Common  Labware  found  in  ESL  Kits      4      Lab  Safety   Always  follow  the  instructions  in  your  laboratory  manual  and  these  general  rules:   Read MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0- JOHN STEINER AND GEORGE STEINER SIX PRIMARY SOURCES OF ETHICS: 6 1- Religion: 6 2- Genetic Inheritance: 8 3- Philosophical Systems: 8 4- Cultural Experience: 8 5- The Legal System: 9 6- Codes of Conduct: 9 2.0- EXPLANATION OF THE SOURCES OF ETHICS: 10 2.1- RELIGION: 10 Teaching business ethics 12 2.11- Impact Of Religiosity: 13 2.12- Ethics Of Islam: 14 Nature of Islamic Ethics 17 The Human-Environment Relationship: 20 The SustainableRead MoreLas 432 Research Paper: Gmos20901 Words   |  84 Pagesuse of Genetically Modified Organisms throughout the world. A Brief Description of GMOs and the Science Behind Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) – Michele Jacobs The topic of GMOs is one that has been, in recent years, a highly debated and complex subject. To better understand why this subject is so highly debated, polarizing and fueled with a pro or con stance, it is best to start at the beginning. Genetically Modified Organisms and the technology used to create them have been around forRead MoreCell Biology Final Essay30093 Words   |  121 Pagesseparates eukaryotes from prokaryotes is the presence of _______ in eukaryotic cells. A) ribosomes B) oxidative phosphorylation C) DNA molecules -D) a nucleus 2. Cytoplasmic organelles are - A) absent in prokaryotic cells; present in eukaryotic cells. B) present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. C) present in prokaryotic cells; absent in eukaryotic cells. D) absent in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 3. Eukaryotic chromosomes contain _______ DNA molecules. A) single

The American Of American History Essay - 1523 Words

Throughout the course of American history, the usage of gangs has always been embedded in the striving desire to be rebel, such as defeating the overhanging stature of the British empire. However as the 13 colonies formed a colonial gang in an effort to eliminate British influence in America, the definition of the word gang has transformed into an entirely different meaning. One common definition of a gang is a group of three or more individuals who engage in criminal activity and identify themselves with a common name or sign.This more sinister transformation of the word gang, has become the leading sovereignty against the fight for justice. These new evil gangs have also played an integral role in American history as well with great historical mob-bosses of Al Capone, Carlo Gambino, and Albert Anastasia. These ruthless gangsters resound in history because of their despicable acts and live in utter infamy. The precedents that these grave gangsters had set for the future generations of criminals, did not fail to live up to expectations. Modern gangs now in America are sprinkled all across the borders of the United States, ranging from each state and city to national street gangs, local street gangs, prison gangs, motorcycle gangs, ethnic, and organized crime gangs. American gangs are responsible for an average of 48% of violent crime in most jurisdictions, and up to 90% in other jurisdictions. Major urban areas and their suburban surroundings experience the majority of gangShow MoreRelatedThe American Of American History1199 Words   |  5 PagesSpain; and before there was Boston, Mass., there was Santa Fe, N.M. The teaching of American history generally highlights the establishment and development of the British colonies in North America, their appearance as an independent nation in 1776, and the change of the United States from east to west. This action easily overlooks the fact that there was important colonization by Spain of what is now the American Sout hwest from the 16th century on. It also tends to disregard, until the Mexican WarRead MoreThe American Of American History4245 Words   |  17 PagesLearning about American history is an extremely fascinating topic. It’s intriguing how our great nation developed and changed throughout history. From wars to treaties, it’s all essential in understanding how our nation has grown to be what it is now. In our ever growing society today, immigrants are migrating to this nation with hopes and dreams. Hopes and dreams that lead them to live a better and more prosperous life. The United States of America is known as big â€Å"melting pot†. This melting potRead MoreNative Americans And American History988 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, relationships between the Native Americans and the United States have been nothing but battle torn, and unfortunately have followed a consistent path of betrayal. There is no denying the universal fact that Native Americans have been unfairly treated and portrayed throughout American history. According to American history written during and after the war the Indian Wars that occurred were very subjective, and prejudiced in its depiction of the Native Americans. For example oneRead MoreAmerican History : American Beauty1360 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Beauty Throughout American history there have been many different family types. In these families types that society has created everyone has a specific role that they are pressured to play and most of the time feel like they will be judged if they don’t play their intended role. The only way for a society to change and evolve is for people to break the norms and step outside of the box. We must question what is truly right and wrong to create new ways of living. The Cycle of SocializationRead MoreThe American Revolution And American History953 Words   |  4 PagesIn the year 1765 the American colonists in the thirteen colonists had an upheaval with Great Britain. The colonists were tired of British Parliament’s rules and taxes that Parliament was placing on imported goods; such as tea. Historians believe that the beginning point in American History really started with the American Revolution. Britain was trying to force their culture onto the colonists. However, the coloni st wanted no part in changing their whole cultural background that they created to theRead MoreNative Americans And American History1036 Words   |  5 PagesNative Americans do not experience enough social, political, and economic equality today because their stereotypes are portrayed in media, they do not have enough government representation, and they are not as well off as most Americans. Education plays a big part in how Native Americans are represented. Many schools, according to â€Å"The Coddling of the American Mind,† are overprotective of their students, thus censoring and limiting some important topics that students are required to learn. ThisRead MoreThe American Revolution And American History Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pages The American Revolution was an important moment in American history. The revolution shed new light on how people could live and how a nation could be governed. Looking back, one might think that the British saw the American colonists as a group of people easy to conquer. In the time period of the American Revolution, women were seen more as property rather than active participants in war, but women played a large part in the war. In the end, the American Revolution transformed the United StatesRead MoreAmerican History: Native Americans 829 Words   |  3 PagesHave you ever wondered what it would be like to be Native American during the European invasion? In American history Native Americans were treated unfairly. The American government mistreated the Natives by lying to them and treating them as foreigners. After years of fighting for freedom the Natives did not achieve their goal for freedom. The Trail of Tears, being the most tragic event in American history, was due to the Removal Act in the 1830s, the misguidance of President Andrew Jackson, theRead MoreAmerican Holocaust: American History1426 Words   |  6 PagesAMERICAN HOLOCAUST The other side of the story to our great American history is not as pretty as they teach us in grade school. The American Holocaust by David Stannard is a novel full of live excerpts from eyewitnesses to the genocide of the American Indians. He goes as far as to describe what life was most likely like before Europeans came to the Americas and obliterated the Paradise so described. Columbus even wrote how beautiful the places were in which he committed acts against the NativesRead MoreAmerican History : The American Revolution1484 Words   |  6 PagesPhuong Dung Ngo History 101 Assignment A 09/17/2014 The American in 1606 History is important because it has always encouraged everyone to think creatively about their nation’s history and take them back to the past in order to learn. The American Revolution (1775-1783) is one of the most famous events in American history. Why did it happen and how did it happen? There are many reasons to explain the colonial feelings leading up to the American Revolution. When the thirteen colonies were founded

Records Administrators and Technicians Free Essays

Records Administrators and Technicians November 24, 2010 HCR/210 Instructor: Jennifer Briscoe Records Administrators and Technicians The general duties for handling patient records differ between a record administrator (RHIA) and a records technician (RHIT). A RHIT has to have knowledge about medical records and implement the skills that go into filling out all the documents in the files. A RHIA hires and teaches medical record technicians how properly to complete medical documentations. We will write a custom essay sample on Records Administrators and Technicians or any similar topic only for you Order Now Three specific examples of differences between a record administrator and a records technician are a technician can assist an administrator, an administrator reviews a technician’s work, and an administrator manages or supervises the medical staff at a medical facility. A RHIT has to be knowledgeable in medical requirements, standards, procedures, regulations, and methods. A technician has to know a wide range of medical codes, medical terminology, and medical record content and organization. Also a technician has to be well-informed in psychology, diseases, anatomical systems, read and comprehend a medical chart, and be familiar with other medical departments. A record technician also has to work with health care insurance. A RHIT has many more specific duties when working with medical records. A RHIT uses many medical record knowledge and skills regularly so they must be accurate with the completed records. A RHIA has to have all the knowledge of a medical record technician because they hire and train the new employees. An administrator only steps into help out a technician if he or she is needed. An administrator also checks a technician work to see if it is complete, accurate, and complies with the federal regulations and facility policies. Administrators are the leaders of facility documentations and develop procedures and policies for the staff. An administrator distributes records when he or she is authorized to by the patients. References: 1997-2010, â€Å"Medical Record Technician† Job Description and Jobs How to cite Records Administrators and Technicians, Papers

Why We Win Essays - John Wooden, , Term Papers

Why We Win Why We Win By Billy Packer Chapter 1 - Red Auerbach (Former Head Coach Boston Celtics) The worst thing that coaches do is talk too much. They overcoach. For example, I had guys with me for 10 years. Cousey, Russell, Sharman, those guys. How much would I say every practice, every pre-game, every halftime, every post-game? They got tired of listening to the same crap all the time. So I used to pride myself in advoiding repetition. Avoiding having them know what's going to happen. I always used the intelligence of my players. I didn't treat them like they were beneath me. They're not. i take Cousey, what am I, 10 years older than Cousey? So What? Does that make me smarter? But coaches today, they think that their form of discipline is that they should be in total control, every practice, every game. And they're like a dictator. They know it all. And it's not so. That's how you got to get respect of your players is you treat them like people. You see, I always used to hate the expression, How did you handle Russell or Cousey? You don't handle them. You handle animals. You deal with people. If they've got a problem, we go one on one. One thing that I used to tell all my guys who are coaches, try not to hold grudges. If you get down on a player for anything that he has done, I said call him in a talk to him. Lay it on the line. There's no better way to do it than that. Just talk to him, but don't hold grudges. Chapter 2 - John Wooden (Former Head Coach UCLA Basketball) I never believed in teaching through fear. there are those who do, and I could name some and it appears that they've gotton fine results. But I always wanted to keep my psoitive approach. And sometimes I just had to let my players know that they weren't going to be successful. Sometimes the other person is just better, and there's nothing you can do about that. But there is something you can do about making the effort to become the best of which you're capable. And that's all I ask. We were consistant. it has been said that consistency is the last refuge of those without imagination. I've always wanted to be consistent. Another thing that was said about our UCLA teams is that we kept it simple. Our opponents always said we were easy to scout but difficult to play because we executed well...We kept things very simple. I think the most important thing in sports is quickness under control. From the mental standpoint, the key is balance. We have to keep things in perspective. We have to keep balance. Physical balance. Emotional balance. Mental balance. Offensive balance. Defensive balance. There's a need for balance in just about every area you can think of. After each season had been over for five or six weeks, I'd then take up a topic and explore. For example, I might take up rebounding. I'd contact great rebounders or coaches who coached great rebounders. I'd get books, and I'd take everything together and just study rebounding. Then I'd take all the information and create a composite, just as I did in recruiting. ***** Coach Wooden also believed in team discipline. He had a couple of team rules at UCLA. One of the rules was that no player, at any time, was to have facial hair. Lou Alcinder (Kareem Abul Jabar) was the captain of the UCLA team and considered the best basketball player in the country. He had decided that he was going to grow a beard towards the end of the summer. UCLA was the number one team in the country going into that year. At the beginning of that school year, Coach Wooden called Alciner into his office. At this point he had grew some facial hair. Coach Wooden calmly said I understand that you are going to grow a beard? Alcinder ansewed, Yes Sir I am. Coach Wooden then said, Well I wish you the best of luck with whatever university you will be attending. Alcinder showed up for practice the next day cleanly shaved. Chapter 3 - Ara

Inclusive education Essays

Inclusive education Essays Inclusive education Essay Inclusive education Essay Essay Topic: Education Inclusive education describes the process by which a school attempts to respond to all pupils as individuals by reconsidering and restructuring its curricular organisation and provision and allocating resources to enhance equality of opportunity. Sebba and Sachev (1997:9) stated. Hornby (1999: 152) states that: Inclusion implies the introduction of a more radical set of changes through which schools/organisations restructure themselves so much as to be able to embraced all children/ adults regardless of disability or linguistic background. Inclusive learning therefore implies the greatest degree of match or fit between the individual learner requirements and the provision that is made for them. Zarb, G (1995) Learners with disabilities can have underdeveloped basic skills due to the barriers to learning because their learning needs are often more complex, the impact of these may be greater. The poor range and quality of provision in some areas means that many disabled students are still not given the opportunity they need to learn basic skills. As the national strategy on adult basic skills is developed and implemented, the needs of learners with learning difficulties and/ or disabilities should be taken into consideration. Therefore: good practice should centre on an inclusive approach to learning. This means making programmes of study directly relevant to the individuals needs and priorities, building on a multi- agency framework, creating programmes and curricula which are flexible, providing the necessary access to resources, ensuring that the pace of programmes meets the needs of students, placing a high priority on the development of practical skills, and teaching skills in real life situations. This is supported by Barnes, (1994) who defines disability from a more social context as: the loss of limitation of opportunity to take part in the normal life of the community on an equal level with the others (Barnes, 1994 cited by D. marks 1999:4). A focus on such a principle can also drive teacher education and professional development programmes in schools of education and for existing teachers. This means that schools of education can utilise performance-based assessments to license new teachers; as a result, these teachers will be familiar with the use of such assessments and be more prepared to implement them in their own classrooms. Therefore: continuity of high quality provision and sustained support across the society are vital. Developing a comprehensive tracking system to map an individuals progress should be of a high priority in the inclusion of all learners. The politicisation of disability has triggered plans for the inclusion of every student to be supported into their mainstream school and college. The valued support should be effective where such individuals can function within an organisation without necessarily having to write, to understand all that goes around them and without necessarily have to accept support systems which do not meet their particular requirements. In advocating for such a direction, schools and colleges then organise themselves in such a way that they ensure the smooth integration of previously excluded learners. Mainstream education must be more welcoming and offer more hospitality to all learners. However, regardless of the criticisms legitimately directed at the local and national organisation of some mainstream schools and colleges, their crucial advantage is that they have a place within a local community; such a presence can provide the scrutiny of ordinariness which can inhibit often bizarre and sometimes damage practices we have adopted in segregated settings. Such a location also allows for links to community with a potential social network, which can enable the learner to translate her/his, presence into meaningful relations within and beyond school gates- relationships which, arguably enable us to sustain and give life. Oliver (1990) suggests that if disability is defined by social oppression, then disabled people are seen as collective victims of uncaring society or unknowing society rather as individual victims of circumstance. In this reflection, disability is seen as a tragedy. It is a tragedy firstly by seeing disability as a problem, and then by devising methodological strategies to measure the extent of these problems that individual disabled people have to face in real life situations. This is supported by Jonhstone, (2001:95) participation brings personal dignity, collective support, solidarity and refusal to be silenced, ignored or marginalized. Oliver (1999:87) states that the imperative strength of the medical model is grounded in the principle of normalization, and a return to wholeness, which is impossible to achieve. I suggest that confidence builds from self-esteem and acceptance from the society. This aids the notion of broad mindedness. The acceptance of an individual by the society stimulates the desire to take part in issues affecting that particular society. Therefore: if disability is defined by public policy, the process of social interaction whereby individuals are marked out or set out aside because of some attribute they possess, negates the whole notion of inclusion and regenerates the notion of segregation and integration. In the broader community there is a wider range of issues that ignore the differences that various disabled people experience as a consequence of gender, sexuality, race, culture or other distinctive labeling features, Rights Now (1996). Childrens developing self-image can be seriously influenced by the way, in which their families, professionals, and society view a particular disability. Such attitudes affect the way in which the children accept or reject body images and are also related to their ability to cope with themselves, their limitations, and their carers in a normal society. This reflection indicates that a positive self-image encourages a committed and resourceful approach to life. Developing this further, it can be pointed out that in every aspect of life the consideration of a person with disability is characterised by need and this perpetuates the person to be having a special requirement as opposed to a normal life. The impact of such a phenomenon leaves a lot to be desired in the life of a person with disability. The implication converses the idea of impairment as abnormality in function and the limitation in performing a normal social life. Hence the need to reverse from the emphasis of medication and shift from individual and personal towards shared collective responsibility, Wolfendale (1996). Using the special format of isolation from mainstream programming, for example, the education system, the possibility exists that it in its self is a special barrier to normal life. Therefore: there are limitations and barriers to social life of that particular person. In this context it is the society that perpetuates the oppression and exclusion of people with disability. Thus, the segregation of people with disability from the mainstream of social life and economic life influenced policies that have placed disabled people in segregated establishments such as special schools and day care centers, Oliver (1990). From this point it can be argued that the mentality of having special schools and special education for people with disability serves as an indicatives dominance of the able-bodied over the disabled in policymaking and decision making. In such designed institutions, the education system is formulated towards what the society can do for their special needs. The issue of life skills in a normal society cannot be addressed by being segregated from the society rather be in it to face real life situations and the influence of peer interaction. In such an environment of oneness there are opportunities for peer relationships and friendships, environment for generalisation and enrichment of academic skills, models of appropriate social and language skills, and typical routines and rituals common to growing up in a community or society. An inclusion in the neighbourhood school/college prepares a student with or without disabilities to live, works and play together as citizens of their community. The general norm and perception is that students with severe learning difficulties are of less value than students who gain any other university entry and their achievements are no less worthy of respect. To select a student out of main stream because of disability or learning difficulty is an evaluation of their worth as a person and discrimination on the basis of circumstance for which they are not responsible. Continued segregation of disabled and non-disabled students can only help to foster stereotypes, while inclusion has the potential to get rid of stereotypes by enabling young people to learn about each others common humanity as well their uniqueness. Zarb, C. (1995) The benefits of inclusion have been well demonstrated and inclusion is widely accepted by government and local education providers in this country and overseas as the way forward. The UK Government supports the strong educational as well as social and moral grounds for students learning together in the mainstream and has declared inclusion as the keystone of its education policy. The 2001 Statutory Guidance on Inclusive Schooling from the Department for Education and skills gives a strong message to local education authorities (LEAs), schools and other bodies that the development of inclusion in schools is one of the Governments highest priorities. The implementation of inclusive programming calls for the Government to have a clearly stated policy that is understood by schools and colleges and wider community levels; they should allow for a flexible curriculum as well as additions and adaptations; and provide quality materials, on going teacher-training and support teachers. Inclusive education and community based programmes should be seen as complementary approaches to cost-effective education and training for disabled people. Communities should develop local resources to provide this education. Gooding, C (2000) The inclusive approach avoids a view point which locates difficulty or deficit within the student and focuses instead on the capacity of the educational institution to understood and respond to individual learners requirements. It moves away from labelling students towards creating an appropriate educational environment. Freedman, S (1999) Inclusive learning places a new responsibility on teachers for close individual observation and skilled assessment as a basis for learning environments which match learners requirements. The challenges for schools and colleges will be to ..pursue a corporate approach to learning and to develop their capacity to respond to different approaches to learning to identify individual learning goals, Barnes, C (1996). It is important for the education system to strengthen necessary safeguards for students with disabilities or difficulties in learning without labelling at the same time as promoting inclusive learning. Just as classical social science theories identify education as a major site for the reproduction of social inequality, so too disability commentators have argued that the exclusion of disabled students from mainstream programming and the under-representation of disabled students in higher education is a cause, not simply an effect, of disabled peoples social marginalisation (Barnes1991: Riddell and banks, 2001) The vicious cycles associated with failure to acquire basic skills continue through school life and afterwards. The result will be poor labour market opportunities of people with poor basic skills as identified by Ekinsmyth and Bynner, (1994; 74) the lack of opportunity for mainstream education and training. Women will then opt for early marriages and many man face intermittent casual unskilled work and unemployment. On the other hand the society can label someone as unable because of lack of basic skills. Hence stigmatisation or societal classification will give birth to social outcasts who in turn will be a major problem to the society. Broadly, multiple regression opens the way to the notion of a combination of characteristics early in life that predict a later outcome. Parents or family role in skills acquisition is critical especially in the early years before formal education begins. Bynner and Steedman (1998) further argue that: parents can be effective enhancers of their childrens vocabularies and can improve their visual-motor skills through reading to them and playing with them. Or they can impoverish their childrens development, by failing to provide the critical inputs at the right time Stone (1985 cited by Oliver 1990:3) showed that in the process of identification and classification, disability has always been an important category, in that it offers a legitimate social status to those who can be defined as unable to work as opposed to those who may be classified as unwilling to do so. Different individuals will face different problems and many limitations are socially created. It is argued that teachers beliefs plays a vital role in ensuring the success of inclusive practises since teachers acceptance of the policy of inclusion is likely to affect their commitment to implementing it and hence hinder its fruition. Therefore disabled people in particular would be empowered to meet their own needs within a network of mutual understanding rather than a hierarchy of dependency relationships. Conclusion If inclusion were an act of engaging oneself or participation, then it would denote the element of active participation from all concerned parties. By programming specialist coverage it can be vividly argued that active participation is still negated. It is only through a properly structured consideration of the politics of disability that disabled people would not be seen as not simply constituted by the variety of these structural forces but as active participants in the process of constituting society in its totality To exclude learners described as having Special needs, from main stream local schools and colleges, is an in justice to all learners. Such an injustice demands that we look more creatively at the way we operate within educational systems as they now exist, and begin to change our legislation and our practices. Ways of hearing each other have to be found. Our perception should change. We have to find different ways of learning together and more importantly we have to find different ways of being together. Simultaneously we must start to articulate a vision for the future which will influence the wider political structures and encourage the growth of local mainstream schools and colleges in which those contributions can be valued equally to the benefit of the whole school and the community.

Red Fox Facts

Red Fox Facts The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is well-known for its luxurious fur coat and playful antics. Foxes are canids, so they are related to dogs, wolves, and coyotes. However, adaptation to a nocturnal life has given the red fox some feline traits, as well. Fast Facts: Red Fox Scientific Name: Vulpes vulpesCommon Name: Red foxBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 56-78 inchesWeight: 9-12 poundsLifespan: 5 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Northern Hemisphere and AustraliaPopulation: MillionsConservation Status: Least Concern Description Despite their common name, not all red foxes are red. The red foxs three main color morphs are red, silver/black, and cross. A red fox has rusty fur with darker legs, white belly, and sometimes a white-tipped tail. Males (called dogs) and females (called vixens) exhibit slight sexual dimorphism. Vixens are slightly smaller than dogs, with smaller skulls and larger canine teeth. On average, a male measures 54 to 78 inches and weighs 10 to 12 pounds, while a female ranges from 56 to 74 inches in length and weighs 9 to 10 pounds. The red fox has an elongated body and a tail that is over half its body length. The fox has pointed ears, long canine teeth, and eyes with vertical slits and a nictitating membrane (like a cat). There are five digits on each of the front paws and four on the hind paws. The foxs skeleton is similar to a dogs, but the fox is more lightly built, with a pointed muzzle and slender canine teeth. Habitat and Distribution The red fox ranges across the Northern Hemisphere into Central America, North Africa, and Asia. It does not live in Iceland, in some deserts, or in the extreme polar regions of the Arctic and Siberia. The red fox was introduced to Australia in the 1830s. The species is banned from New Zealand under the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act of 1996. Where the soil permits, foxes dig burrows, where they live and bear their young. They also take abandoned burrows made by other animals or sometimes share with them. For example, foxes and badgers will live together in a form of mutualism where the fox provides scraps of food brought back to the den while the badger keeps the area clean. Red fox distribution. Zoologist, Wikimedia Commons Diet The red fox is omnivorous. Its preferred prey includes rodents, rabbits, and birds, but it will take small ungulates, such as lambs. It also eats fish, insects, lizards, amphibians, small invertebrates, fruit, and vegetables. Urban red foxes readily accept pet food. Foxes are preyed upon by humans, large owls, eagles, lynxes, caracals, leopards, cougars, bobcats, wolves, and sometimes other foxes. Usually, the red fox coexists with domestic cats, hyenas, jackals, and coyotes. Behavior Foxes are highly vocal animals. Adults make 12 vocal sounds over five octaves. Red foxes also communicate using scent, marking territory and even empty food caches with urine or feces. Foxes mainly hunt before dawn and after dusk. Their eyes have a tapetum lucidum to aid with vision in dim light, plus they have an acute sense of hearing. The red fox pounces on prey from above, using its tail as a rudder. The tail, also known as a brush, covers the fox and helps it stay warm in cold weather. Reproduction and Offspring For most of the year, red foxes are solitary and live in the open. However, in the winter, they court, mate, and seek dens. Vixens reach sexual maturity as early as 9 or 10 months, so they may bear a litter at one year of age. Males mature later. After mating, the gestation period lasts approximately 52 days. The vixen (female fox) gives birth to around four to six kits, though the number of young can be as high as 13. The fluffy brown or gray kits are born blind, deaf, and without teeth. At birth, they only weigh 2 to 4 ounces with 5 to 6 inch bodies and 3 inch tails. Newborn kits cannot regulate their temperature, so their mother remains with them while the male fox or another vixen brings food. The kits are born with blue eyes that change to amber after about two weeks. Kits start to leave the den around 3 to 4 weeks of age and are weaned at 6 to 7 weeks. Their coat color begins changing at 3 weeks of age, with guard hairs appearing after 2 months. While red foxes may live 15 years in captivity, they usually survive 3 to 5 years in the wild. Fox kits are fluffy and grayish brown. Maxime Riendeau / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the conservation status of the red fox as least concern. The species population remains stable, even though the fox is hunted for sport and fur and killed as a pest or rabies carrier. Red Foxes and Humans The stability of the red fox population is tied to the foxs adaptation to human encroachment. Foxes successfully colonize suburban and urban areas. They scavenge refuse and accept food left for them by people, but often stray to rural areas to hunt. Generally, red foxes make poor pets because they are destructive to homes and mark areas with scent. However, they can form strong bonds with people, cats, and dogs, especially if domestication starts before the fox reaches 10 weeks of age. In some places it is legal to keep a red fox as a pet. All images taken by Keven Law of London, England. / Getty Images Russian geneticist Dmitry Belyayev selectively bred silver morph red foxes to develop a true domesticated fox. Over time, these foxes developed physical attributes of dogs, including curled tails and floppy ears. While fox hunting for sport has decreased over time, the animal remains important for the fur trade. Foxes are also killed because they harbor communicable diseases such as rabies and because they prey on domestic and wild animals. Foxes, like wolves, may continue to kill prey beyond what they need to eat. Sources Harris, Stephen. Urban Foxes. 18 Anley Road, London W14 OBY: Whittet Books Ltd. 1986. ISBN 978-0905483474.Hoffmann, M. and C. Sillero-Zubiri.  Vulpes vulpes.  The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  2016: e.T23062A46190249.  2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T23062A46190249.enHunter, L. Carnivores of the World. Princeton University Press. p. 106. 2011. SBN 978-0-691-15227-1.Iossa, Graziella; et al. Body mass, territory size, and life-history tactics in a socially monogamous canid, the red fox Vulpes vulpes. Journal of Mammalogy. 89 (6): 1481–1490. 2008. doi:10.1644/07-mamm-a-405.1Nowak, Ronald M. Walkers Mammals of the World. 2. JHU Press. p. 636. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.

How have attitudes in modern society changed in order to include Essay

How have attitudes in modern society changed in order to include people with Sen and disability - Essay Example Parents do not have adequate information on how to treat their kids, type of schools to take them, plus what to expect in their children (Burton 1996, p.33). For example, the city of Southampton has developed a way of helping children with Sen i.e. through early identification and intervention, improving the experience of the children and their families through clear and definite accessible information about services offered and also through building capacity through partnerships with other organizations. The local authority launched the Jigsaw service which brings about all health specialists and social care services for young people with learning disabilities under a single management. Services offered include; broadening the eligibility form to accommodate the child’s disability in the context of their family problem; strong focus on early child intervention and integrated working criteria between nurses and the social workers so that the kids will learn through a single well developed and integrated process (Burton 1996, p.27). There has been a strong focus on early identification, intervention and building capacities through strong established partnerships, with academic institutions to raise the levels and achievements of people with Sen. There are programs to support Sen Kids in schools. A lot of given work been conducted to improve the accessibility and number of information regarding the services and activities for the families of children with disabilities (Burton 1996, p.55). Disabled children like all other children experience bullying. These include; verbal abuse that can lead to their perceived impairment; physical violence particularly against children with physical disabilities; threats and intimidation; exclusion and isolation from their peer groups; manipulation and false friendships. Repeated bullying, which had not, been responded to have led the disabled kids to developing a negative self identity concerning their disability. Some kids have developed individualized responses in regards to b ullying. They feel that they should alienate themselves entirely from certain situations adapting their own behaviors’ (Burton 1996, p.66). Most of these kids fear reporting bullying when it happens due to the fear of retaliation, the teachers not believing them particularly amongst children suffering from Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Also, when these kids reported bullying to their teachers, they report often that the teachers never listen to them (Sally & Marian 1999, p.100). In order to prevent bullying, disabled kids believe that awareness should be created among other kids in order to understand and value disability. This should include disability awareness, equality trainings and vocations, lessons for teachers, students and even the staff to display positive picture of disability throughout the school. The disabled kids feel that these would develop their confidence and enable them build a positive self esteem and awareness of their rights of not to be bullied. Disabled children need to be understood. The staff and teachers should develop a positive and supportive relationship with the disabled kids (Burton 1996, p.82). The major discrimination that people with disabilities face is social discrimination. This often becomes

Literature review of Globalization in India Essay

Literature review of Globalization in India - Essay Example Therefore, in the present situation, it tends to keep its doors wide open to opportunities which would help her progress. The Indian administration is taking steps by conducting a lot of surveys in its different states to facilitate and elicit people’s responses to globalization, so that they would take appropriate steps to curb illiteracy, poverty, unemployment, social status and under development. Many causes contribute to globalization in India. Though Kerala can boast of a literacy rate of 92%, it is not the same for the other regions. The urban areas in India have a 80.30% literacy level, the rural areas have only 59.40%. Another fact that poses a problem is that though there are buffer stocks, yet a quarter of the world’s poor that are in India go hungry. (Editorial, Fall 2006, vol.2, no. 2) Another factor that contributes to globalization is the fact that there is great disparity between social policies and the needs of the people. While the government of India frames these policies, it takes ages before it materializes to help the poor and down- trodden people. Other factors that contribute to globalization in India would be because it has a politically driven agenda and faces misappropriation and mismanagement of funds set aside for the upliftment of the low strata of people. Corruption and inefficiency run rampant in the wake of implementation of schemes. â€Å"If there was a Gandhi in the consciousness of the Indian polity today, we would not be where we are†. ( Aruna Roy, social activist and Magasaysay Award winner 2000) Freedom can be fulfilling as well as problematic when doesn’t know where to stop. Amartya Sen, a social activist who is committed to rectifying gender inequality feels that human capabilities and freedom should be enhanced. (Amartya Sen, A Gender Perspective.)Every successive administration form

The Use of Creatine in Sports Essay -- Athletics Steroids Drugs Sports

The Use of Creatine in Sports The first weeks of my senior season of football were the toughest times I had ever had in my life. We had two practices a day. We had one practice early in the morning, and one late in the afternoon. Physically, I wasn't at a level like most of my teammates. I felt like I couldn't do anything on the high school level; plus I was being thrown around like a rag doll. I needed something that would help me reach my potential. That's when I tried creatine. I started out taking small doses of creatine as an energy booster before practice, noticing that I wasn't getting tired and out of breath like I once was. I continued to use the supplement before I did any type of exercising activity, although I never exceeded the daily amount. I used the supplement for about three weeks, noticing muscle development and body fat loss all over my body. Gradually, I started reducing my dose each day until my supply was gone. In my short three weeks of taking creatine, I gained about 4-5 pounds of lean muscle. I was being noticed in practice and was getting more playing time in games. I was still unsure about what consequences I would have to face if I continued to use the substance. I needed to know more. Everything has a price; l wanted to figure out what mine could be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It's been called the drug that separates the great from the greatest. It has helped athletes all over the world reach their potential. Creatine is an all natural food and supplement drug that works like anabolic steroids without the side effects. It has the capability to help produce muscle mass, energy, and speed all in one pill. Over the past few years, creatine has become a controversial issue in the athletic world. A lot of research has been put into creatine although long-term effects are left unknown, leaving the controversial question of whether creatine should be legal or illegal. Being a former user of creatine showed me how I could maximize my potential athletic ability, although leaving me cynical about harm to my body. I wanted to know more specifically how it works on the chemical level and major side effects and precautions I should take if I were going to continue using the supplement. The only way for my to find the answers to my questions was with research. I began interviewing people who knew more about creatine while at the same time I began my own rese... ...arch 12, 1999 Bernards, Neal. War on Drugs. San Diego: Greenhaven Books, 1990. Creatine and Muscle Building. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.mayohealth.org/mayo/askdiet/na/get960901.htm, April 14, 1999. Creatine FAQ’s. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.nutrasense.com/nutrasense/creatine.html, March 13, 1999. Dreyfuss, Ira. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.nando.net/newsroom/aploth/1996/mor/feat/archive/091596/mar/75430.html, March 15, 1999. High Power Creatine. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.whole-salecreatine.com/1013/faq.htm Jalloh, Ali. Telephone interview. 27 April. 2000. Klein, Scott. Creatine. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://nimbus.ocis.temple.edu/~sklein/#ABOUT, May 6, 1998 London, David. Creatine Concerns in England. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/wc98/full/wc98.htm, April 5, 1999. Marks, Alexandra. â€Å"Schools Wrestle with ‘Bulk in a Bottle’†. The Christian Science Monitor. September 30, 1998. Mumby, Chris. Personal interview. 2 Mar. 1999. Potratz, Adam. Personal interview. 3 Mar. 1999. Sahelian, Ray. Creatine Nature’s Muscle Builder. [Online] Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.raysahelian.com/creatine.html, March 12, 1999.

History of Christianity Within the Roman Empire

History of Christianity Within the Roman Empire Religion, one of the most important and controversial topics of all times, but where exactly did it come from? What obstacle did it have to go through to be come known? Who made it known? These are a few questions that are often asked but not always answered. There are many religions known today but in this paper I will focus on only one, Christianity. I will discuss the events, hardships and some of the important people that are valuable to make up this history of this now popular religion, in a very popular place, Rome.Like almost successful thing its starts out a little rocky but finally comes out of top. Christianity was like no other religion the Roman empire had ever seen before. It challenged all its values and morals in every way possible and because of that was not a positive thing to be. Rome looked at anyone in the religion as an enemy of Rome and was a criminal who should be put to death if pronounced themselves a Christian. It all started around the year 30C. E. with one man named Jesus Christ from Galilee.When he was around 30 he spoke about a kingdom in heaven and not on Earth, conservatives called him a false profit who undermined the Jewish religion, by calling himself the son of God. Jesus went to the land to spread his simple teachings that were based upon to love God and one another, to care for each other and help those in need. The Roman saw him as revolutionary and decided to keep a close watch over him, scared that he might would cause a problem due to his such large base of followers. It wasn't long until the Sadducees, who had control over Judea where Jesus did most of his teachings, could’t take much more.The fear of Jesus and his followers turning into a revolt against them, lead the Sadducees to turn to the Romans for help to get him out and take away the threat he may propose. They ask the Romans to arrest Jesus Christ and execute him because he was committing blasphemy, saying he was the son of God and that was prohibited. Since they couldn't condemn anyone to death, they wanted the Romans to do it from them because they on the other hand could and so they did. Jesus was arrested on Holy Thursday and had he trial the next day on Friday.Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor was over his trial and even though Pilate did not agree with the Sadducees on the execution of Jesus, he still with through with it. When he announces the execution of Jesus Christ to the public he lets them know as well that this was not his order and has nothing to do with it but what he’s doing is simply carrying out what the Sadducees wanted to be done. Executing someone because of their religion couldn't be done so in order for it to be done they executed him under insurrection and labeled him enemy of the state.His death began the rise of Christianity all around the land including with in the Roman Empire. Another important person in the spread of Christianity was Saul of Tau ses, who later became Paul when he became a Christian. His played a great role in preaching the gospel, planting churches and establishing Christianity through out the land and around the Mediterranean Basin. He was naturally a Roman citizen and for a long time was against Christians helping in the prosecution of the church of God and cooperating in the killing of early Christians.Paul reached out to everyone including the Gentiles who were not of Jewish decent, trying to inform them of his new found religion and beliefs. After the end of his third missionary journey he was arrested and brought to Rome to have trial for his alleged crime. For two years he waited for his trial and during that time he preached from his home about the gospel but not too long after it was said that he was beheaded in Rome under the reign of Nero. At this time Christianity began to spread through Rome like a wild fire. The summer after the deaths of Jesus Christ and St.Paul Christianity began to become e ven more popular amongst the poorer people in Rome in 64. That year Rome had a horrible fire that lasted six days, destroying most of the city. It was rumored that the emperor of the time Nero, was to be blamed for the fire. That he did it for his own personal amusement. To take the focus and blame off of him, he placed the accusations on the Christians saying they started the fire and was to blame. This event in start of many horrific deaths of Christians, having them tortured, and treating them being killed as a sport all for the pleasure of Nero and the Roman citizens.This lasted for about the next 100 years or so and throughout this time many Christian churches were destroyed, meetings held for Christians were forbidden and those who refused to follow the rules lost their legal rights. The Romans believed that Christianity was to be disturbing a mans mind in such a way that he is really going insane and causing him to loose humanity. After years and years of Negativity and Hosti lity by the Roman empire things finally started to turn around with the emperor Constantine and his new enforced reform.Before the battle of Milvan, Constantine saw the Christian symbol and put it all over him and his armies battle gear and because they win the battle he in 313 he makes the Edict of Milan. The Edict of Milan legalized Christian worship by removing all discriminating legislation against them from the statute book and making the church to be recognized by civil authorities. Constantine officially stared the acceptance of Christianity in the Rome and even after his death the spread and acceptance of Christianity didn’t stop.Once the church obtained its freedom, it became more structured and stable within itself. Around 323 Christianity was made the official religion of Rome and by the end of the fourth century, the majority of the Roman citizens had converted over to the religion. Christianity played a huge role in Roman history and there are many more influenti al people and events that took place during this time. Although the rode for Christianity to be come accepted was long and rough, that helped make put its making history like it did. It has become one of the biggest religions known today.

Jury System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2307 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: America Essay Did you like this example? The American judicial system has always insisted on the jury system despite the changes taking place in the developed world. 90% of the jury trials take place in the United States and most European countries do not understand why the American public is fascinated by jury trials. Does the U.S. system carry the seeds of its own demise, as in other nations that once used juries widely and gradually replaced them with decisions by judges (Vago, 2008, p 48)? The answer to this question can be found by exploring the historical roots of jury trials and how the American legal system inherited this practice from their previous colonial master, England. History of the Jury System During the medieval times, 12 free and lawful men were usually summoned by each community to help the king in deciding the course of justice. For centuries these panels based their decisions on what they knew of local wrongdoing (McLynn, 1989, p 89). For centuries the standard moral code for the community was decided by the decisions of the 12 panelists. As England was evolving into a democratic society, it became clear that the jurors decisions were being influenced by the neighborhood gossip. By the time the American legal system absorbed the British model, U.S. jurors were admonished to ignore anything they might know about the case and decide the facts solely on the evidence presented in court (Rawlings, 1999, p 55). In the British system, the jury trials were seen as potential buffers against any harsh decisions that may be handed down by the king. The jurors added some element of civility to the process, unlike in the past where the determination of guilty and the level of punishment to be handed down were solely decided by the king. Furthermore, the jury proved to be extremely resourceful especially during the bloody code when death penalties were handed to even the pettiest of crimes. The bloody code refers to a period in 17th century England where the death penalty was mandated in almost all manner of crimes in a bid to curb the rising crime levels. Some of the more absurd criminal offenses that warranted the death penalty included stealing horses or sheep, destroying turnpike roads, cutting down trees, unmarried mothers concealing a stillborn child, stealing from a rabbit warren etc. The driving force behind the implementation of such stiff penalties was the unsympathetic nature of the rich and affluent society in Britain. Since the rich made the laws, they enacted the laws that protected their interests. With time, the British juries softened the impact of this by acquitting defendants or finding them guilty of lesser crimes (McLynn, 1989, p 91). The Jury System in America Comparing the role of juries in America to their counterparts in Britain during this era, America viewed trial by jury as a buffer against oppressive prosecutions by their British colonial masters. The turning point proved to be in the 18th century when Ameri can publisher John Peter Zenger was found not guilty by a New York jury on the charge of criticizing a governor appointed by the British king (Honorà ©, 1995, p 112). This created an early momentum for freedom of press such that by the time the country got its independence, the right to a fair trial (by jury) was an attribute expected by every citizen. When the Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791, it stated that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury (Rawlings, 1999, p 58). The right to jury trials was also extended to civil cases. According to television journalist Fred Graham, America continues to be fascinated by jury trials because of the immense power that jurors yield when deciding the guilt or innocence of a citizen. Even though they are simple average citizens, jurors appear to stand above this sovereign nation and they determine if a state should punish or not punish its citizens. The jury system has it flaws and its no more perfect than the entire legal system or the democratic government. However, it gives the US citizens a feeling of representation in the judicial process and they can aim for when creating an even more perfect union which represents the diverse ethnic and economic backgrounds in America. The diversity of the American population later proved to be the Achilles heel of the jury system. The race issue in America elicits strong reactions, more so during the selection of jurors. Traditionally, both the prosecution and defense were granted equal weight in jury selection but some prosecutors overplayed their strikes, referred to as peremptory challenges, and removed African American jurists whom they believed were biased towards favoring defendants in criminal trials. The practice was curbed by the Supreme Court and the level of all-race representation in jury trials has increased. Even though the system is not yet perfect and there still exists some element s of racism and prejudice, a majority of the diverse ethnic groups and races are of the opinion that jury trials offer the best form of justice. Americas Preference for Jury Trials An interesting statistic is 29% of adult Americans have served on a jury and most of them believe their service turned them into better citizens (Honorà ©, 1995, p 118). In America trial by jury has moved from a right to representation for all guilty parties to an essential prerequisite in this free society. From the days of their forefathers, an average American understands that the main advantage of a jury trail is it safeguards all defendants from tyranny and excesses by the state. Even William Blackstone, a famous English commentator, went against the norms in his country and lamented that trial by jury is a palladium of our legal rights (Honorà ©, 1995, p 118). Even though trial by judges is a common practice in a majority of democracies across the globe (especially in former British colon ies), America has remained steadfast on jury trials and the assumption is the determination of guilt or innocence is too big of a task to be shouldered by experienced judges. Lawyers have always been viewed as a corruptible group of individuals but such viewpoints have never been extended to judges. However, they are human, just like lawyers, and some of them have been linked to bribery allegations involving criminal elements. Allegations of judicial corruption do exist in America and even though most lawyers wont admit it, some judges are also corrupt if one looks at the biases they may have towards specific prosecutors. This trend has been witnessed in judges who have assumed their new roles on the bench after a long and illustrious career as prosecutors. Such judged may inadvertently favor the prosecution, either implicitly or explicitly, and preside over a case in a manner which works against the defense. In countries which havent adopted jury trials, a judge can easily issue a ruling which favors a particular side and the only checks or balances against such excesses originate from the same chambers he serves in. In contrast jury tampering is a bit more demanding and obtaining a biased ruling isnt as easy as Hollywood makes it. The task of jury tampering is further hampered by the nature of jury composition. Both the prosecutor and the defense are given equal opportunities (and strikes) to select their jurists. Furthermore, the composition of the jury is unknown until the time of the trial (Rawlings, 1999, p 62). Adding to this, jury service is usually a short-term engagement and this makes it even more difficult to establish a corrupt relationship with the jurors (Rawlings, 1999, p 62). Judges have vehemently resisted all allegations of being corruptible and the few that were caught in the act are simply isolated cases. There is some element of truth in this statement since very few judges fit into the criteria of accepting cash/gifts inorder to sw ay their ruling, unlike lawyers. However, the Achilles heel of judges is after a long tenure of service, they begin acting like government bureaucrats. They become so encrusted within the mindset of laws, rules and regulations that they are unable to distinguish law from justice (Vago, 2008, p 42). Referring to the constitution of democratically elected governments across the globe, the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislature. The job of drafting laws rules and regulations is left to the legislature and its the role of the law enforcement officials to uphold these laws. The lawyers on the other hand are supposed to interpret the law and represent their respective clients (the defendant or the state) to the best of their abilities but within the confines of the law. Judges whove served for long periods of time are unable to distinguish between interpreting the law and ensuring that the defendant gets a just ruling. This folly is usually witnessed in authoritari an regimes where judges take it upon themselves to uphold the law and supersede the mandate of the police and even the prosecutor. Jury trails in America are criticized for being too long and the media circus which follows is an unwanted attention that most foreign judges do not understand. The slow and mundane process of explaining the facts to the jury has the advantage of limiting a judges excesses and every ruling made must incorporate the decision of the jury. The problem of judges acting like government bureaucrats also exists in America but such excesses are also checked by the jury system. The advantage that a jury has is its composed of ordinary Americans and they have a layman understanding of the law; they may not understand the law to the same extent as lawyers or judges but their sole purpose is to ensure that justice was served. Jurors are more likely to ask the deeper and more profound questions when faced with whether to permit the government to punish the defenda nt (Honorà ©, 1995, p 115). Is the defendant aware of his wrongdoings and if so, should the jury let him walk even though its evidently clear he committed the crime? Such are the questions which juries debate on and unlike judges; they are allowed to look at the shades of gray when interpreting the law. Judges on the other hand arent allowed to acquit a suspect after its clear that hes committed a crime; its not a judges job to debate on whether the crime committed by the accused was just. A judge will simply sentence the accused after proving guilt and determine the extent of punishment that should be handed down. As previously mentioned, juries have added some element of civility to the legal process and the best example is comparing todays jury system to the bloody code era in 17th century England. The bloody code was a group of laws which prescribed the death penalty to over 200 separate offenses. Such was the brutality of the system in those times that most prisoners usuall y exhibited the utmost indifference to their fate, and appeared to entertain no fear for the consequences of their guilt. Prisoners as young as 14 years were hanged by the neck until they died and thousands of people thronged public squares to see these executions. Historical records have indicated that the youngest prisoners ever executed in Britain were Michael Hammond and his sister Ann. They were aged 7 and 11 respectively. They were hanged on 28th September 1708 for theft. It can be argued that comparing the bloody code to todays jury system is a bit of overkill. However, the American jury system evolved from the British system which had to incorporate the role of the jury inorder to tone down the excesses of the bloody code. Therefore, even if all former British colonies (and other nations) arent adapting a jury system, its clear that their current legal procedures are a lot more civilized because of the actions of the 12 free and lawful men who gave birth to the jury syste m. Another aspect that shouldnt be forgotten is a jurys verdict is final; Courts around the world can overturn a judges ruling by issuing injunctions but the jurys verdict is considered sacred. That is, no matter how the jury rules, there is nothing either the judge or the prosecutor can do to change or modify the verdict (Vago, 2008, p 47). The best example of this phenomenon was a case in Laredo Texas in 1960 when a man was arrested for possessing marijuana with intent to distribute. When the defendant took to the stand, he tearfully confessed on how he needed the money to support his family which was going through financial difficulties. The federal judge and prosecutor were shocked when the jury returned a Not Guilty verdict. Unable to contain himself, the judge went on a rampage and screamed at the jurors, stating that they were the dumbest people to have ever served on a jury in his courtroom and advised them that their names would be permanently stricken from the federal j ury rolls in Laredo (Rawlings, 1999, p 63). The defendant walked away from the court a free man. Who is to blame in this situation? The jury for not seeing a criminal for who he really is or the prosecutor for not being able to prove beyond reasonable doubt a rather obvious conviction? The only sure thing is the system is not at fault. Conclusion The right to a fair trail and the opportunity to plead for the courts mercy is right that every American knows he or she deserves. The defendant mentioned above got his day in court and pleaded his case, but a bit too excessively. While letting a guilty man walk might leave a foul taste in the mouths of many legal academicians, its a low price to pay when compared to denying an innocent man his day in court and sentencing him without hearing his side of the story. The bloody code proved how an ass the law can be when too much power is wielded by the state. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Jury System" essay for you Create order